Fig 1: The modification of the fecal primary-secondary bile acid ratio by the gut microbiota and downregulation of the FGF15 signaling pathway are involved in the obesogenic and metabolic dysfunctions caused by tylosin residue exposure at TMDI dose. (a) Fecal short-chain-fatty-acid levels (n = 7 mice per group). (b) Ratio of fecal primary bile acids to secondary bile acids (n = 8, 7, and 11 mice per group). Levels of (c) non-12-OH bile acids, (d) muricholic acids, and (e) 12-OH bile acids (n = 8, 7, and 11 mice per group). (f) Portal-vein FGF15 levels (n = 6, 6, and 11 mice per group). (g) Western blotting of ileal FGF15 expression normalized to GAPDH (n = 4 mice per group). (h) Western blotting of hepatic FGFR4 level normalized to GAPDH (n = 4 mice per group). For a, c, d and e, data are means and SEM. For b, f, g and h, data are means and SD. For panels a to h, statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s range test (*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001). Abbreviations: AGP, antibiotic growth promoter; a-MCA, a-muricholic acid; ß-MCA, ß-muricholic acid; ?-MCA, ?-muricholic acid; CON, control; CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid; FGF15, fibroblast growth factor 15; FGFR4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; LCA, lithocholic acid; PBA, primary bile acid; SBA, secondary bile acid; T-ß-MCA, tauro-beta-muricholic acid; TCDCA, taurochenodeoxycholic acid; TLCA, taurolithocholic acid; TMDI, theoretical maximum daily intake; TUDCA, tauroursodeoxycholic acid; UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid.
Fig 2: Evaluation of FGF15, FGFR4, KLB, CYP7A1, NTCP, and BSEP mRNA levels in liver tissues among the different experimental groups. a Bar chart representing the relative CYP7A1 mRNA expression level, b relative NTCP mRNA expression level, c relative BSEP mRNA expression level, d relative FGF15 mRNA expression level, e relative FGF4R expression level, and f relative KLB mRNA expression level. **P < 0.01, vs control group; ##P < 0.01, #P < 0.05, vs HFD group. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation and are the results of 2 independent experiments, n = 6. FGF15, fibroblast growth factor 15; FGFR4, fibroblast growth factor receptor 4; KLB, Klotho beta; CYP7A1, cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxy-lase; NTCP, Na + -taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide; BSEP, bile salt export protein; C, control; HFD, high-fat diet; Gyp, gypenosides; OCA, obeticholic acid
Fig 3: Lactobacillus casei SYF-08 inhibits the activated FXR-NLRP3 signaling pathway in the gut. (A) The transcript level of FXR in the different groups. (B) The protein level of FXR and FGF15 in the different groups. (C) Relative gray level of FXR. (D) Relative gray level of FGF-15. (E) The mRNA level of NLRP3 in different groups. (F) The mRNA level of IL-1ß in different groups. (G) The protein level of NLRP3, Caspase 1 and IL-1ß in the different groups. (H) Relative gray level of Caspase 1-p20. (I) Relative gray level of NLRP3. (J) Relative gray level of activated IL-1ß. **P < 0.01.
Fig 4: Changes in FGF15, FGFR4, KLB, CYP7A1, NTCP, and BSEP protein content in liver tissues among the different experimental groups. a Bar chart representing the relative CYP7A1 protein expression level in liver tissue, b relative NTCP protein expression level, c relative BSEP protein expression level, d relative FGF15 protein expression level, e relative FGFR4 protein expression level, and f relative KLB protein expression level in liver tissue. g Representative autoradiograph image of western blotting with the different antibodies. **P < 0.01, vs control group; ##P < 0.01, #P < 0.05, vs HFD group. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3. C, control; HFD, high-fat diet; Gyp, gypenosides; OCA, obeticholic acid
Fig 5: Bile acid (BA) species in the ileum and Fxr–Fgf15 axis. (A) Analyses of BA species (n = 10). Top-13 most abundant BA species are shown. (B) Total conjugated BAs and unconjugated BAs (n = 10). (C) Ileal mRNA expression of Fxr, Shp, and Fgf15 (n = 8). (D) Ileal expression (left panel) and quantification (right panel) of Fgf15 protein (n = 6). Data are the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Chow, chow diet; LD, lithogenic diet; AH, high-dose APS.
Supplier Page from Abcam for Anti-FGF-15 antibody